- multinomial logistic regression assumptions The dependent/response variable is binary or dichotomous The first assumption of logistic regression is that response variables can only take on two possible outcomes – pass/fail, male/female, and malignant/benign. It is intended for datasets that have numerical input variables and a categorical target … The assumptions of the Ordinal Logistic Regression are as follow and should be tested in order: The dependent variable are ordered. 2002 Nov-Dec;51(6):404-10. Assumptions It is assumed that the . 1 Results of the multinomial endogenous switching regression model (MESR) Table 4 displays the average effect of maize and legume market participation on household welfare indicators based on the estimation of Eq 8. As was … Multinomial logistic regression Nurs Res. So far, I have set up the assumptions for the pooled multinomial logistic regression, model, and the logistic regression model. Assumptions In addition to the two mentioned above: Independence of … Multinomial Logistic Regression Assumptions & Model Selection Prof. Multinomial logistic regression models estimate the association between a set of predictors and a multicategory nominal (unordered) outcome. You can learn more about variable types in our article: Variable Types. It is used to describe data and to explain the … Assumptions for Multinomial Logistic Regression Every statistical method has assumptions. Multinomial logistic regression is useful for situations in which you want to be able to classify subjects based on values of a set of predictor variables. This logistic curve can be interpreted as the probability associated with each outcome across independent variable values. A binomial logistic regression (or logistic regression for short) is used when the outcome variable being predicted is dichotomous (i. , binary) or continuous (i. Whether the data are grouped or ungrouped, we will imagine the response to be … Binary, Ordinal, and Multinomial Logistic Regression for Categorical Outcomes Get beyond the frustration of learning odds ratios, logit link functions, and proportional odds assumptions on your own. Logistic Regression is often referred to as the discriminative counterpart of Naive Bayes. Contents: Loading required R packages GEE Approach to Estimation. Logistic regression uses the following assumptions: 1. If the test fails for non important variables, you could also reestimate the polr model without those as robustness check. This model is analogous to a logistic regression model, except that the probability distribution of the response is multinomial instead of binomial and we have J 1 equations instead of one. For both models, . Logistic regression is a supervised learning classification algorithm used to predict the probability of a target variable. web mar 5 2023 multinomial logistic regression a multinomial logistic . Assumption #1 The dependent variable should be either nominal or ordinal. If the proportional odds assumption is not met, one can use a multinomial logistic regression model, an adjacent-categories logistic model, or a partial proportional odds model. Hierarchical logistic regression. , 13 distinct values). Step 1: data preparation This step was basically the same as the processes in the first step of multinomial regression analysis, including data import and variable redefinition. Website Builders; john macarthur sermon on revelation. For Binary logistic regression the number of dependent variables is two, whereas the number of dependent variables for multinomial logistic regression is more … Multinomial logistic regression is a multivariate test that can yield adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. In simple words, the dependent variable is binary in nature having data coded as either 1 (stands for success . 9 (2003): 1433-1446. Another assumption of generalized linear models, like the multinomial logistic, is that the link function is correct. Assumptions of Logistic Regression Logistic regression does not make many of the key assumptions of linear regression and general linear models that are based on ordinary least squares algorithms – particularly regarding linearity, normality, homoscedasticity, and measurement level. " First we examine the method of "independence estimating equations," which incorrectly assumes that the observations within a subject are independent. Here, we model P ( y | x i) and assume that it takes on exactly this form P ( y | x i) = 1 1 + e − y ( w T x i + b). Sep 27, 2022 · proc genmod is a procedure which was introduced in sas version 6 model that we showed signi cance for the included model e ects logistic regression is a mathematical model for defining a regression model when the variable to be explained is … Perhaps the simplest approach to multinomial data is to nominate one of the response categories as a baseline or reference cell, calculate log-odds for all other categories relative to the baseline, and then let the log-odds be a linear function of the predictors. " Assumptions for logistic regression models: The DV is categorical (binary) If there are more than 2 categories in terms of types of outcome, a multinomial logistic regression should be used Independence of observations Cannot be a repeated measures design, i. This … To check for violations of the assumptions of linearity, constant variance, and independence of errors within a linear regression model, the residuals are typically plotted against the predicted values (or each of the individual predictors). Δ i = Diag [ Var ( y i j)] = [ V a r i 1 ⋯ ⋯ ⋮ ⋮ V a r i 2 ⋯ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋯ V a r i j]. Recode predictor variables to run multinomial logistic regression in SPSS SPSS has … Whether or not this assumption is reasonable (and other alternatives are indeed irrelevant) depends very much on the nature of the choices. In polytomous logistic regression analysis, more than one logit model is fit to the data, as there are more than two outcome categories. Tests of independent variables. 8. The author returns to certain themes throughout the text, such as testing assumptions, examining data quality, and, where appropriate, nonlinear and non-additive effects modeled within different types of linear models. The J 1 multinomial logit This video provides a demonstration of how to perform multinomial logistic regression using Stata. It is used when the outcome involves more than two classes. For the related Probit procedure, see Multinomial probit. The best way is to estimate a generalized ordered logit model. (Hosmer and Lemeshow, Applied Logistic Regression (2nd ed), . reporting binary logistic regression apa example reporting binary logistic regression apa example polled hereford advantages commercial property for sale in missouri how does the scrum master help ensure the scrum team is working effectively sliding door detail . ” Statistics in medicine 22. Logistic regression is a supervised learning algorithm widely used for classification. cedric pendleton wife reporting binary logistic regression apa example. hierarchical regression that all assumptions were met conduct and interpret a multinomial logistic regression presentation of regression results regression tables example of . org/) and reflects survey. The nature of target or dependent variable is dichotomous, which means there would be only two possible classes. aws no resources found in default namespace kubectl get. This is a fairly stringent assumption that does not apply in all cases and if you do not think this assumption applies for your use case, you may be better off treating your outcome … A multinomial logit model is fit for the full factorial model or a user-specified model. We perform statis- 2 days ago · binary and multinomial logistic regression, ordinal regression, Poisson. Nov 21, 2022, . The downside of this approach is that the information contained in the ordering is lost. GEE Approach to Estimation Starting with E ( y i) = μ i, the vector of means for subject i connected with the predictors via g ( μ i) = x i ′ β), we let Δ i be the diagonal matrix of variances Multinomial logistic regression models estimate the association between a set of predictors and a multicategory nominal (unordered) outcome. The other problem is that without constraining the … Multinomial logistic regression is used to model nominal outcome variables, in which the log odds of the outcomes are modeled as a linear combination of the predictor variables. We perform statis- Classical vs. ; Rabe-HeskethandSkrondal 2012, 659ff. Multinomial Logistic Regression: The target variable has three or more nominal categories such as predicting the type of Wine. point … Multinomial logistic regression is appropriate for any situation where a limited number of outcome categories (more than two) are being modeled and where those outcome categories have no order. link and longer . V030. For the first model, use mpg as the explanatory variable. 02, 2022. This article needs additional citations for verification. 20 C l i ck f o r P D F o f s l i d e s Checking assumptions Assumptions for multinomial logistic regression W e w a n t t o ch e ck t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h e m u l t i n o m i a l l o g i s t i c r e g r e s s i o n m o d e l Multinomial Logistic Regression models how a multinomial response variable \(Y\) depends on a set of \(k\) explanatory variables, \(x=(x_1, … Score: 4. Task: Compute the score values; Define an activation function; Run the activation function to compute errors Multinomial logistic regression Number of obs = 2293 . This type of regression is similar to logistic regression, but it is more general because the dependent variable is not restricted to two categories. Maria Tackett 04. Logistic regression assumptions Logistic regression does not require to follow the assumptions of normality and equal variances of errors as in linear regression, but it needs to follow the below assumptions The linear relationship between the continuous independent variables and log odds of the dependent variable Objectives: The purpose of this article is to understand the multinomial logit model (MLM) that uses maximum likelihood estimator and its application in nursing research. To check for violations of the assumptions of linearity, constant variance, and independence of errors within a linear regression model, the residuals are typically plotted against the predicted values (or each of the individual predictors). doi: 10. Standard linear regression requires … Fitting this multinomial logistic regression model by using any statistical software package that uses the multinomial logit algorithm will result in parameter estimates for the α-parameters, which are identical with the u 2(j)-parameters from the log-linear model of independence, given that the same reference category is used. One fundamental assumption of this model is the coefficient is independent of the categories and they don’t vary across the . 1 - Polytomous (Multinomial) Logistic Regression. This model uses cumulative probabilities up to a threshold, thereby making the whole range of ordinal categories binary at that threshold. – Stefan Oct 31, 2017 at 18:20 Add a comment Know someone who can answer? Multinomial regression is used to explain the relationship between one nominal dependent variable and one or more independent variables. it’s a good idea to check the assumption of proportional odds. Serving Austin and the Surrounding Areas After constructing the full model, the model was tested for any violations of the independence irrelevant alternatives (IIA) assumption of multinomial logistic regression models by conducting a. Multiple logistic regression analyses, one for each pair of outcomes: One problem with this approach is that each analysis is potentially run on a different sample. 1 Introduction. 5 Multinomial Logistic Regression Model. As was … programs for polytomous logistic regression can handle grouped or ungrouped data. Assumptions MLogit regression is a generalized linear model used to estimate the probabilities for the m categories of a qualitative dependent variable Y, using a set of explanatory variables X: where βk is the row vector of regression coefficients of X for the k th category of Y. To represent binary/categorical outcomes, we use dummy variables. Prob > chi2 = 0. 3 The multinomial probit representation of interdependent choices 224 7. In the absence of a test, one can fit both an ordinal logistic regression and a multinomial logistic regression to compare the AIC values. A few points: Satisfaction with sexual needs ranges from 4 to 16 (i. The other problem … For OVA, the assumption is that there are K independent classification problems, one for each class, i. Starting with E ( y i) = μ i, the vector of means for subject i connected with the predictors via g ( μ i) = x i ′ β), we let Δ i be the diagonal matrix of variances. The multinomial logistic model also assumes that the dependent variable cannot be perfectly predicted from the independent variables for any case. – ColorStatistics. The response variable is binary. We make little assumptions on P ( x i … The easiest way is to just estimate a multinomial regression model which however ignores the order completely. 1: Multinomial logistic regression is used when. – Stefan Oct 31, 2017 at 18:20 Add a comment Know someone who can answer? hierarchical regression that all assumptions were met conduct and interpret a multinomial logistic regression presentation of regression results regression tables example of . Assumptions. a Dirichlet-multinomial or DM) to model categorical count data. bichon frise for sale near missouri where can i sell my stuff online for free locally; bad smelling gas during pregnancy young living mightyvites ingredients; brown sugar font canva free download accounting for contract termination fees; edexcel a level business studies revision notes pdf 2012, 653–658) and the multinomial logistic or probit regression with random effects (Wooldridge 2010, 619ff. Some extensions like one-vs-rest can allow logistic regression to be used for multi-class classification problems, although they … Objectives: The purpose of this article is to understand the multinomial logit model (MLM) that uses maximum likelihood estimator and its application in nursing research. 1097/00006199-200211000-00009. Here, five steps in total should be taken in constructing an ordinal logistic regression model as follows. If the logistic regression algorithm used for the multi-classification task, then the same logistic regression … Multinomial logistic regression analysis requires that the independent variables be metric or dichotomous. , for class i, we learn a logistic (probability) model of the form , and each of these K problems is independent of the other K-1 logistic regression problems. Assumptions include: The model is specified correctly with no … In this article, I am going to discuss multinomial logistic regression which is application specific and may be vital in understanding logistic regression models having multiple unordered response variables. For the multinomial probit model, the probit link is used with multivariate normal distribution random component. Each response was measured on a scale of nine categories ranging from strong dislike (1) to. Proportional-odds cumulative logit model is possibly the most popular model for ordinal data. So, we learn a independently for each class i, where we assume that for class i, all Nov 27, 2018 · MODULE 9. the outcome variable is nominal with three or more categories. Introduction Binary, Ordinal, and Multinomial Logistic Regression for Categorical Outcomes Get beyond the frustration of learning odds ratios, logit link functions, and proportional odds assumptions on your own. A diagnostic developed by Hausman is used to test the independence of irrelevant alternatives assumption. 14. The only assumption that could be crossed off that list is the assumption of independence since the random part in the glmer () model statement can take care of that, i. Multinomial logistic regression is a powerful tool to model choice from a finite set of alternatives, but it comes with an underlying model assumption called the independence of irrelevant alterna-tives, stating that any item added to the set of choices will decrease all other items’ likelihood by an equal fraction. When not to use multinomial regression reporting binary logistic regression apa exampleanitua job vacancies 2022 marzo 22, 2023 big creek ranch near marble falls what if i inject testosterone in the wrong place marzo 22, 2023 big creek ranch near marble falls what if i inject testosterone in the wrong place Softmax Regression (synonyms: Multinomial Logistic, Maximum Entropy Classifier, or just Multi-class Logistic Regression) is a generalization of logistic regression that we can use for multi-class classification (under the assumption that the classes are mutually exclusive). MLogit regression is a generalized linear model used to estimate the probabilities for the m categories of a qualitative dependent variable Y, using a set of explanatory variables X: where βk is the row vector of regression coefficients of X for the k th category of Y. Di Falco and Veronesi 2013; … Logistic regression assumes that there is no severe multicollinearity among the explanatory variables. 3 . 08. 5. Independent variables can be factors or covariates. MULTINOMIAL LOGISTIC REGRESSION THE MODEL In the ordinal logistic model with the proportional odds assumption, the model included j-1 different intercept estimates (where)= J))=)) (* Fitting this multinomial logistic regression model by using any statistical software package that uses the multinomial logit algorithm will result in parameter estimates for the α-parameters, which are identical with the u 2(j)-parameters from the log-linear model of independence, given that the same reference category is used. This model can be used with any number of independent variables that are categorical or continuous. Fitting this multinomial logistic regression model by using any statistical software package that uses the multinomial logit algorithm will result in parameter estimates for the α-parameters, which are identical with the u 2(j)-parameters from the log-linear model of independence, given that the same reference category is used. Hence, gologit2 can fit models that are less restrictive than the parallel-lines models fitted by ologit (whose assumptions are often violated) but more parsimonious and interpretable than those fitted by a nonordinal method, such as multinomial logistic regression (i. Introduction Multinomial Logistic Regression is useful for situations in which you want to be able to classify subjects based on values of a set of predictor variables. 6. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. It is assumed that the response variable can only take on two possible outcomes. considered as one potential solution that would be free of the IIA assumption . The multinomial logistic regression is an extension of the logistic regression (Chapter @ref (logistic-regression)) for multiclass classification tasks. e. if you accidentally start a fire it is your responsibility to extinguish it unlimited vacation club white pearl membership what is bleve explosion eternal love . Multinomial Logistic Regression; by Heru Wiryanto; Last updated over 5 years ago; Hide Comments (–) Share Hide Toolbars 2012, 653–658) and the multinomial logistic or probit regression with random effects (Wooldridge 2010, 619ff. Let the response be Y = 1, 2, …, J where the ordering is natural. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. At each level of hierarchy, we use random effects and other appropriate fixed effects. Please note: The purpose of this … Published on May. Parameter estimation is performed through an iterative maximum-likelihood algorithm. Probably the most frequently used in practice is the proportional odds model. Take Me to The Video! Multinomial logistic regression is an extension of logistic regression that adds native support for multi-class classification problems. The data comes from the Pew Research Center ( https://www. We have already learned about binary logistic regression, where the response is a binary variable with "success" and "failure" being only two categories. 2 days ago · binary and multinomial logistic regression, ordinal regression, Poisson. Affiliation 1 College of . We . Linearity Logistic regression fits a logistic curve to binary data. Grouped versus ungrouped responses We have already seen in our discussions … One of the critical assumptions of logistic regression is that the relationship between the logit (aka log-odds) of the outcome and each continuous … dentist, therapist), etc. The independent variables can be either dichotomous (i. Available with Perusall—an eBook that makes it . Different … Binary logistic regression models can be fitted using the Logistic Regression procedure and the Multinomial Logistic Regression procedure. It is assumed that the odds ratio of any two categories are independent of all other response categories. 1. Take Me to The Video! Assumptions of Logistic Regression Logistic regression does not make many of the key assumptions of linear regression and general linear models that are based on ordinary least squares algorithms – particularly regarding linearity, normality, homoscedasticity, and measurement level. If we define p as the probability that the outcome is 1, the multiple logistic regression model can be written as follows: , is the expected probability that the outcome is present; X 1 through X p are distinct independent variables; and b 0 through b p are the regression coefficients. The J 1 multinomial logit Keywords: statistical matching, multinomial logistic regression model, conditional independence assumption, auxiliary information 1. Using the lmer-function, the first level (here: students) do not have to be specified. It does not make any assumptions of linearity, normality, and homogeneity of variance for the independent variables. , interval or ratio in scale). The observations are independent. It is assumed that the . The assumptions for Simple Logistic Regression include: Linearity No Outliers Independence Let’s dive in to each one of these separately. Assumption #2: You have one or more independent variables that are continuous, ordinal, or nominal (including dichotomous Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR) is a form of linear regression analysis conducted when the dependent variable is nominal with more than two levels. As was … A multinomial logistic regression (or multinomial regression for short) is used when the outcome variable being predicted is nominal and has more than two categories that do not have a given rank or order. 9. collecting outcomes at two different time points. 5/5 (16 votes) . “A mixed‐effects multinomial logistic regression model. We use logistic regression to predict a binary outcome ( 1/ 0, Yes/ No, True/False) given a set of independent variables. 2. The autofit option Multinomial logistic regression "Multinomial regression" redirects here. Logistic regression, by default, is limited to two-class classification problems. ). Jan 8, 2003 · Multinomial logistic regression models that are suitable for this purpose were first introduced about 20 years ago (Logan, 1983), but their practical application in mobility research has been rather limited until now. So far, I have set up the assumptions for the pooled multinomial logistic regression, Multinomial logistic regression is useful for situations in which you want to be able to classify subjects based on values of a set of predictor variables. Given X- and Y-values and desired X- and Y-values Score & Softmax. Assumptions mean that your data must satisfy certain properties in … The multinomial logistic model assumes that data are case-specific; that is, each independent variable has a single value for each case. As was … Multiple logistic regression analyses, one for each pair of outcomes: One problem with this approach is that each analysis is potentially run on a different sample. Introduction Fitting this multinomial logistic regression model by using any statistical software package that uses the multinomial logit algorithm will result in parameter estimates for the α-parameters, which are identical with the u 2(j)-parameters from the log-linear model of independence, given that the same reference category is used. odds assumption, but this test is anticonservative (that is, it rejects the assumption too often); for details on this test see (SAS . Multinomial Logistic Regression provides the following unique features: v Pearson and deviance chi-square tests for goodness of fit of the model v Specification of subpopulations for grouping of data for goodness-of-fit tests Multinomial Logistic Regression Logistic regression is a classification algorithm. Method: This method assumes that the data satisfy a critical assumption called the "independence of irrelevant alternatives. and referent group – These are the estimated multinomial logistic regression coefficients and the referent level, respectively, for the model. , mlogit). Next, visit the Coder and Hacker Chapter exercises page for more. For example, if a new product is introduced to a market, this assumption states that the market shares of all other products are … Multinomial Logistic Regression is useful for situations in which you want to be able to classify subjects based on values of a set of predictor variables. Strictly speaking, multinomial logistic … Multinomial logistic regression is a powerful tool to model choice from a finite set of alternatives, but it comes with an underlying model assumption called the independence of irrelevant alterna-tives, stating that any item added to the set of choices will decrease all other items’ likelihood by an equal fraction. This type of regression … The assumptions for Mixed Effects Logistic Regression include: Linearity No Outliers No Multicollinearity Let’s dive in to each one of these separately. One or more of the independent variables are either. on the assumption that the vast majority of these respondents will have had the opportunity to enter the labour market. In terms of the correlation . An underlying … Assumptions: When you want to choose multinomial logistic regression as the classification algorithm for your problem, then you need to make sure that the data … Assumptions The multinomial logistic model assumes that data are case-specific; that is, each independent variable has a single value for each case. 0000 . Statistical micro matching using a multinomial logistic regression model for categorical data Kangmin Kima, Mingue Park1;a . . Multilevel logistic regression in r hallelujah lyrics meaning walther p22 rear sight. Data considerations Data The dependent variable should be categorical. Ordered . Score: 4. If one is to be treated as a response and others as explanatory, the (multinomial) logistic regression model is more appropriate. It is assumed that the observations in the dataset are independent of each other. Complex survey data: Many researchers who have never used complex survey data analyze the data using more than one technique so that you can have confidence Summary table for Displaying results of a logistic regression, Suzuki et al there was a that And whether the wetland is a binary variable and continue or dichotomous independent,! is coded. See the incredible usefulness of logistic regression and categorical data analysis in this one-hour training. LR chi2(18) = 349. I know there exist method = "lm" for linear regression and method = "glm" for logistic regression. radio dj jingles; all reviewers secured meaning; shell script optional arguments; Related articles criminal possession of a weapon 2nd degree jail time. THE MULTINOMIAL LOGIT MODEL 5 assume henceforth that the model matrix X does not include a column of ones. In this chapter, we’ll show you how to compute multinomial logistic regression in R. Multinomial logistic regression: This is similar to doing ordered logistic regression, except that it is assumed that there is no order to the categories of the outcome variable (i. In this guide I have compiled some of the more common and/or useful models (at least common in clinical psychology), and how to fit them using nlme::lme()and lme4::lmer(). repeated measures over time or on individuals etc. Pubblicato il 22 Marzo 2023 da 22 Marzo 2023 da A binomial logistic regression (often referred to simply as logistic regression), predicts the probability that an observation falls into one of two categories of a dichotomous dependent variable based on one or more … Key Assumptions for Implementing Logistic Regression 1. Logistic Regression Data Structure: continuous vs. Authors Chanyeong Kwak 1 , Alan Clayton-Matthews. Multicollinearity occurs when two or more explanatory … Jan 8, 2003 · Multinomial logistic regression models that are suitable for this purpose were first introduced about 20 years ago (Logan, 1983), but their practical application in mobility research has been rather limited until now. This is a fairly stringent assumption that does not apply in all cases and if you do not think this assumption applies for your use case, you may be better off treating your outcome variable as an unordered variable and using multinomial logistic regression instead. Incidentally, keep in mind that mlogit can also estimate a logistic regression model; ergo you might sometimes want to use mlogit instead of logit so you can take advantage of the mlogtest command. Models in which the dependent … Assumptions for Multinomial Logistic Regression When you choose multinomial logistic regression as the classification algorithm for your machine learning problem, you must ensure the data you analyse satisfies the following assumptions. A multinomial logistic regression (or multinomial regression for short) is used when the outcome variable being predicted is nominal and has more than two … Multinomial logistic regression is the generalization of logistic regression algorithm. Each procedure has options not available in the other. If you have only two levels to your dependent variable then you use binary logistic regression. pewresearch. Figure 4. Multinomial logistic regression and multinomial probit regression for categorical data. 2. . As with other types of … See more Multinomial logistic regression (often just called 'multinomial regression') is used to predict a nominal dependent variable given one or more independent variables. One of the major assumptions of this technique is that the outcome responses are independent. Multinomial logistic regression is used to predict categorical placement in or the probability of category membership on a dependent variable based on multiple independent variables. Multinomial logistic regression can also be used for serial variables, but you can consider serial logistic regression instead. It is sometimes considered an extension of … Types of Logistic Regression: Binary Logistic Regression: The target variable has only two possible outcomes such as Spam or Not Spam, Cancer or No Cancer. households The U. If you have three or more unordered levels to your dependent variable, then you'd look at multinomial logistic regression. The software takes away that chore, and estimates parameters simultaneously, resulting in more efficiency. , the categories are nominal). yes/no, pass/fail). discrete Logistic/Probit regression is used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous. Help - Multilevel multinomial logistic regression, and missing data. 54 . Suppose you have a choice of transportation between a train, a red bus and a blue bus. It is used when the dependent variable has more than two categories. A classical example where the multinomial logit model does not work well is the so-called “red/blue bus” problem. The use . Before completing the book’s Coder/Hacker chapter exercises, take this multiple-choice pre-test from the end of the chapter. assumption, auxiliary information 1. But … Multiple Choice Questions. The main null hypothesis of a multiple logistic regression is that there is no relationship between the X variables and the Y variable; in other words, the Y values you predict from your multiple logistic regression equation are no closer to the actual Y values than you would expect by chance. One way to do this is by comparing the proportional odds model with a multinomial logit model, also called an unconstrained … Since the linearity assumption in multinomial logistic regression, as I understand it, is tested using a set of variables formed from the outcome multinomial variable, this is not something that is explained in either response and hoping someone who understands this better than I do can explain that.